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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
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RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA
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Terminus-Associated Non-coding RNAs: Trash or Treasure?

Wen-Juan Ni1, Fuhua Xie1, Xiao-Min Leng1

  • 1School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.

Frontiers in Genetics
|October 26, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Terminus-associated non-coding RNAs (TANRs) are a newly identified class of regulatory molecules. These widespread ncRNAs play crucial roles in gene expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.

Keywords:
3′ UTR3′ terminibiogenesisfunctionncRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) regulate mRNA fate.
  • Terminus-associated non-coding RNAs (TANRs) are poorly understood ncRNAs at gene 3' termini.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on TANRs.
  • To discuss TANR nomenclature, biogenesis, and functions.
  • To outline future research directions for TANRs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on TANRs.
  • Analysis of TANR conservation, biogenesis pathways, and regulatory roles.

Main Results:

  • TANRs are widespread, abundant, and conserved across eukaryotes.
  • TANRs are involved in transcriptional regulation (interference, gene loops, termination).
  • TANRs participate in post-transcriptional regulation (miRNA sponges, RNA cleavage/modification).

Conclusions:

  • TANRs represent a significant, emerging class of gene expression regulators.
  • Further investigation is needed to fully elucidate TANR functions and mechanisms.
  • TANRs hold potential for understanding complex gene regulatory networks.