Functional-pathway-dominant contrast adaptation and sensitization in mouse retinal ganglion cells

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) reduce their light sensitivity during persistent high-contrast stimulation to prevent saturation to strong inputs and improve coding efficiency. This process is known as contrast adaptation. However, contrast adaptation also reduces RGCs' light response to weak inputs. On the other hand, some RGCs undergo contrast sensitization, and these RGCs respond to weak inputs following high contrast stimulation. In the present study, multi-electrode recordings were conducted on isolated mouse retinas under full-field visual stimulation with different contrast levels. Adaptation and sensitization were mainly observed in OFF and ON pathways, respectively. The results of linear-nonlinear analysis and stimulus reconstruction revealed that both the light sensitivity and encoded information were changed in opposite directions in adaptation and sensitization processes. Our work suggests that contrast adaptation and sensitization are two opposite dynamic processes. In mouse retina, OFF RGCs utilize adaptation to increase the discrimination of strong OFF inputs. On the other hand, ON RGCs use sensitization to increase the sensitivity to weak ON inputs. This functional differentiation might be meaningful for the mouse's survival as it lives in environments in which strong OFF stimuli often indicate potential predators while weak ON stimuli are usually related to movement and might be important for predation.