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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Differential Microbial Pattern Description in Subjects with Autoimmune-Based Thyroid Diseases: A Pilot Study.

Isabel Cornejo-Pareja1,2, Patricia Ruiz-Limón1,2, Ana M Gómez-Pérez1

  • 1Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain.

Journal of Personalized Medicine
|October 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Altered gut microbiota is linked to autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs). Specific bacterial changes were identified in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves-Basedow's disease patients compared to healthy donors, suggesting a role in disease development.

Keywords:
Graves–Basedow’s diseasesHashimoto’s thyroiditisautoimmunitygut microbiota

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) result from complex interactions between genetic, epigenetic, endogenous, and environmental factors.
  • Emerging evidence suggests a role for gut microbiota dysbiosis in the development of autoimmune conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between gut microbiota composition and the two most common AITDs: Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves-Basedow's disease (GD).
  • To compare gut microbiota profiles of AITD patients with those of healthy donors (HDs).

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gut microbiota composition in nine HT patients, nine GD patients, and 11 HDs using 16S rRNA pyrosequencing.
  • Bioinformatic analyses including Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt).
  • Beta diversity analysis to assess differences in microbial communities and correlation studies with autoimmunity parameters.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in gut microbiota composition were observed between HT, GD, and HD groups.
  • HT showed increased bacterial richness, while GD exhibited lower evenness compared to HDs.
  • Specific bacterial taxa, including *Fusobacteriaceae*, *Fusobacterium*, *Sutterella*, *Prevotellaceae*, *Prevotella*, *Victivallaceae*, *Streptococcaceae*, *Streptococcus*, and *Rikenellaceae*, were differentially abundant in AITD patients.
  • *Faecalibacterium* was decreased in both HT and GD patients compared to HDs.
  • PICRUSt analysis indicated enrichment in xenobiotic degradation and metabolism pathways in GD patients.
  • Correlation analyses revealed associations between specific bacteria and autoimmunity parameters.

Conclusions:

  • AITD patients exhibit distinct gut microbiota alterations compared to healthy individuals.
  • These gut microbiome changes may influence immune system development and the loss of self-tolerance in AITD pathogenesis.
  • Specific bacterial signatures and metabolic pathways could serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for AITDs.