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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
Another mechanism for membrane domain formation involves membrane proteins interacting with...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 3, 2025

Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting
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Membrane heist: Coronavirus host membrane remodeling during replication.

Jingshu Zhang1, Yun Lan2, Sumana Sanyal3

  • 1Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Delft, the Netherlands.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitates new therapies. This review details the structure, function, and formation of double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) in SARS-CoV-2 replication, identifying potential drug targets.

Keywords:
CoronavirusDouble membrane vesiclesLipid metabolism

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to millions of deaths globally.
  • Effective therapeutic interventions are urgently needed, requiring a deep understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle.
  • Coronaviruses, like other positive-sense RNA viruses, create specialized compartments for viral RNA replication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current knowledge on coronavirus-induced double-membrane vesicles (DMVs).
  • To highlight the structure, lipid composition, function, and biogenesis of DMVs.
  • To identify druggable host and viral factors involved in DMV formation and function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on coronavirus replication and DMVs.
  • Analysis of structural and biochemical data related to DMVs.
  • Identification of potential therapeutic targets within the DMV biogenesis pathway.

Main Results:

  • DMVs are crucial viral replication compartments formed by coronaviruses.
  • The formation and function of DMVs involve specific viral and cellular factors.
  • These factors represent potential targets for novel antiviral therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding DMV structure, composition, and biogenesis is key to developing SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics.
  • Targeting host-virus interactions at the DMV level offers a promising strategy for antiviral drug development.
  • Further research into the molecular mechanisms of DMV formation can accelerate the discovery of new treatments for COVID-19.