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The Severity of Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults Over a Five-Year Interval
Anita Liput-Sikora1, Anna Maria Cybulska2, Wiesława Fabian1
1Primary Care Center (NZOZ Przychodnia Medycyny Rodzinnej SJ), Szczecin 71-521, Poland.
Insights
Cardiovascular risk factors like obesity and high BMI significantly increased over five years, leading to a higher risk of cardiovascular events. This study tracked these changes in a Polish patient group.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Public Health
- Preventive Medicine
Background:
- Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of mortality globally.
- Identifying and monitoring cardiovascular risk factors is crucial for effective prevention strategies.
- Longitudinal studies are essential for understanding disease progression and intervention effectiveness.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze changes in cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, obesity, and carbohydrate metabolism disorders over a five-year period.
- To assess the risk of cardiovascular incidents using the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) algorithm in the same patient cohort.
- To evaluate the impact of lifestyle and demographic factors on cardiovascular risk progression.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of medical records from patients in the West Pomeranian Province, Poland, participating in a national health fund program.
- Comparison of data collected in 2012/2013 with data from 2017/2018, a five-year interval.
- Calculation of SCORE values and statistical analysis of changes in risk factors like BMI, waist circumference, and blood pressure.
Main Results:
- A significant increase in the odds of obesity (2.5 times higher) and overweight classifications was observed after five years.
- The Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) values significantly increased, indicating a higher risk of cardiovascular events.
- Statistically significant increases were noted in arm circumference, waist circumference, BMI, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and triglycerides.
- Men exhibited a statistically significantly higher risk of visceral obesity compared to women.
Conclusions:
- Obesity, including abdominal obesity, significantly increased in the studied population over five years.
- The risk of cardiovascular incidents substantially rose, as indicated by increased SCORE values and adverse changes in risk factors.
- Interventions targeting weight management and control of other cardiovascular risk factors are critical for this population.
Purpose:
The aim of this study was to analyze the severity of changes in cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, overweight and obesity, carbohydrate metabolism disorders, burdened family history) and to assess the risk of a cardiovascular incident according to the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) algorithm in the same group of patients over a five-year interval.
Patients And Methods:
The research method was analysis of medical records of patients from the area of West Pomeranian Province, Poland, included in the Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Program of the National Health Fund five years after the first examination (2012/2013 vs 2017/2018). We collected data on changes in the levels of selected cardiovascular risk factors over five years and calculated the SCORE values.
Results:
In the second measurement (after five years), the odds of obesity were about 2.5 times higher. The repeated BMI measurement showed that after five years more respondents were classified as overweight and obese compared with the first measurement (p = 0.000; η2 = 0.056). The repeated SCORE measurement indicated that after five years the SCORE values significantly increased compared with the first measurement (p = 0.000; η2 = 0.588). Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were also found between the first and the second measurements of arm circumference, waist circumference, BMI, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and triglycerides. The risk of visceral obesity was statistically significantly higher for men than for women (RHM = 1.47).
Conclusion:
In the group of patients examined twice over five years, the incidence of obesity, including abdominal obesity, significantly increased. Furthermore, five years after the last examination, the risk of a cardiovascular incident significantly increased. The participants had higher values of such parameters as: arm circumference, waist circumference, BMI, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and triglycerides.
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