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Proofreading01:43

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Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore,  it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Related Experiment Video

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Erratum

    Developmental Science
    |October 29, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    14-month-old infants understand what others comprehend. They show brain responses (N400 effect) to semantic errors heard by others, demonstrating early tracking of social partners' linguistic understanding.

    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Development
    • Developmental Psychology
    • Psycholinguistics

    Context:

    • Infant language acquisition involves sophisticated social-cognitive skills.
    • Understanding others' perspectives is crucial for effective communication.
    • Early development of theory of mind and linguistic comprehension is key.

    Purpose:

    • To investigate when infants first demonstrate awareness of another person's understanding.
    • To examine if infants track the linguistic comprehension of social partners.
    • To explore the neural basis of this early social-cognitive ability.

    Summary:

    • 14-month-old infants participated in event-related potential (ERP) studies.
    • Experiment 1 confirmed infants' N400 effect (semantic violation brain signature) in a live object naming task with an adult observer.

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  • Experiment 2 showed infants exhibited an N400-like response to semantic incongruities experienced by an adult with a false belief, indicating infants track others' comprehension.

    • Impact:

    • This study provides evidence that infants monitor the linguistic understanding of their social partners.
    • It highlights the early emergence of sophisticated social-cognition in language development.
    • Findings contribute to understanding the foundations of empathy and shared intentionality.