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Binocular anomalies and reading problems.

H D Simons1, J D Grisham

  • 1School of Education, Univ. of California, Berkeley 94720.

Journal of the American Optometric Association
|July 1, 1987
PubMed
Summary
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This review finds a link between specific binocular vision anomalies and reading difficulties. Conditions like convergence insufficiency and exophoria at near are associated with reading problems.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Developmental Optometry
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Reading difficulties are a significant concern in education.
  • The role of visual factors, particularly binocular vision, is increasingly investigated.
  • Understanding the link between binocular anomalies and reading is crucial for effective intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and evaluate the existing research literature.
  • To determine the strength of evidence for relationships between various binocular anomalies and reading problems.
  • To synthesize findings to inform clinical practice and future research.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of relevant databases.
  • Critical evaluation of study methodologies and evidence quality.

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  • Synthesis of findings based on the strength of supporting evidence.

    • Main Results:

    • Strong evidence supports a link between exophoria at near, convergence insufficiency, aniseikonia, anisometropia, fusional vergence reserves, and fixation disparity with reading problems.
    • Weak positive evidence exists for esophoria at near and stereopsis.
    • Negative evidence was found for lateral phorias at distance.

    Conclusions:

    • Certain binocular anomalies are demonstrably associated with reading problems.
    • Clinical screening for these specific anomalies may be beneficial for individuals with reading difficulties.
    • Further research is warranted to clarify the relationship with stereopsis and other less-established links.