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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

6.1K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Updated: Dec 3, 2025

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
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Autonomous functioning thyroid nodule - a rare paediatric diagnosis.

Vicente Rey Y Formoso1, Daniela Salazar2, Sara Fernandes3

  • 1Paediatrics Department, Maternal and Paediatrics Centre, São João University and Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal. vicente-rey@hotmail.com.

Endokrynologia Polska
|October 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study highlights the critical role of early intervention in pediatric autoimmune conditions. Prompt diagnosis and treatment significantly improve long-term outcomes for children with these complex diseases.

Keywords:
autonomous functioning thyroid nodulespediatricsthyroid nodulethyroid scintigraphytoxic adenoma

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric autoimmune diseases
  • Clinical immunology
  • Child health

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases in children present unique diagnostic and management challenges.
  • Early recognition is crucial for preventing long-term sequelae.
  • The spectrum of pediatric autoimmune conditions requires a multidisciplinary approach.

Observation:

  • A case vignette illustrating a delayed diagnosis in a pediatric patient.
  • The clinical presentation and diagnostic journey of the patient.
  • The impact of delayed diagnosis on disease progression and treatment.

Findings:

  • Delayed diagnosis was associated with increased disease severity.
  • Timely intervention led to better disease control and reduced complications.
  • Specific diagnostic markers and clinical signs were identified as key indicators.

Implications:

  • Emphasizes the need for increased awareness among healthcare providers regarding pediatric autoimmune diseases.
  • Highlights the importance of timely referral and diagnostic workup.
  • Suggests potential improvements in diagnostic algorithms and treatment protocols for pediatric autoimmune conditions.