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Updated: Dec 3, 2025

A Real-Time Interactive System for Studying Confrontational Pursuit Behavior in Rodents
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Escaping from the hunt.

Benjamin Park1, Subahari Raviskanthan2, Peter Mortensen2

  • 1McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.

Survey of Ophthalmology
|November 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A rare case of squamous cell carcinoma mimicking Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is presented. Skull base biopsy revealed perineural spread, highlighting the importance of considering malignancy in persistent cranial nerve palsies.

Keywords:
Tolosa-Hunt syndromeperineural invasionsquamous cell carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Oncology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a rare idiopathic granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous sinus.
  • It typically presents with painful ophthalmoplegia, often affecting cranial nerves III, IV, and VI.

Observation:

  • A 69-year-old woman experienced chronic, painful, progressive binocular diplopia.
  • Neurological examination revealed deficits in multiple sequential cranial nerves (II, III, IV, V1-3, and VI).

Findings:

  • Initial diagnosis was Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, with partial response to corticosteroids.
  • Skull base biopsy ultimately demonstrated poorly differentiated carcinoma, indicative of perineural spread of squamous cell carcinoma.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the critical need to rule out malignancy in atypical or persistent cases of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.
  • Perineural spread of squamous cell carcinoma can present insidiously, mimicking inflammatory conditions.
  • Early diagnosis and appropriate oncological management are crucial for improved patient outcomes.