Site-directed mutations reflecting functional and structural properties of Ec-NhaA

NhaA antiporters are secondary integral membrane protein critical for maintaining the Na+/H+ cell homeostasis, as a result, they regulate fundamental processes like cell volume and intracellular pH. Exploration of the structural and functional properties can assist to make them effective human drug targets and mechanisms of salt-resistance in plants. NhaA proteins are integrated into cytoplasmic and intracellular membranes, transport 2H+/Na + across the membrane by the canonical alternating access mechanism. There are mutagenesis studies have done on Ec-NhaA predicting residues crucial for function and structure. The unique NhaA structural fold is formed in the middle of the membrane by two transmembrane segments (TMs), TM IV and XI which cross each other creating a delicate electrostatically balanced environment for the binding of Na+/H+. Previously, Asp164, Asp163 and Asp133 residues have been proposed as crucial for Na+/Li + binding on the based on crystal structure and mutation-based studies. However, the pathway and the binding sites for the two protons are still elusive and debatable. This review will provide comprehensive details on various mutations constructed in Ec-NhaA by different research groups using site-directed or random mutagenesis techniques. The selected residues for mutations are located on the sites which are more suspected to have a crucial role in function and structure on NhaA. This information on the single platform would accelerate further studies on the structure-function relationship on NhaA as well as will facilitate to predict the role of Na+/H+ antiporters in human diseases.