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How explicit warnings reduce the truth effect: A multinomial modeling approach.

Frank Calio1, Lena Nadarevic2, Jochen Musch1

  • 1Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, Germany.

Acta Psychologica
|November 1, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Warnings can reduce the truth effect, where repetition increases perceived truth. Participants warned about this effect relied less on fluency for known statements, showing cognitive discounting is possible.

Keywords:
Multinomial processing treesProcessing fluencyTruth effectTruth judgmentsWarnings

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • The truth effect demonstrates that statement repetition enhances perceived truth.
  • Prior research indicates warnings can mitigate but not eliminate this effect.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how warnings influence cognitive processes underlying truth judgments.
  • To explore the impact of warnings on reliance on experiential information and stored knowledge.

Main Methods:

  • A laboratory experiment with 167 participants.
  • Participants judged the truth of repeated and new statements, with half receiving a warning.
  • Multinomial modeling analyzed cognitive processes, differentiating statements of known vs. unknown validity.

Main Results:

  • Warning instructions did not alter knowledge retrieval or guessing behavior.
  • Warned participants showed reduced reliance on processing fluency for statements with known truth status.
  • This effect was specific to statements where participants possessed relevant stored knowledge.

Conclusions:

  • It is possible to discount metacognitive experiences like processing fluency when their validity is questioned.
  • Warnings reduce reliance on repetition-induced fluency when individuals are aware of deception and possess valid knowledge cues.