Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Urea Cycle

Urea Cycle

The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2 and...

Amperometry: Overview

Amperometry: Overview

Amperometry is a technique commonly used to measure the concentration of specific analytes in a solution by monitoring the electric current generated during an electrochemical reaction. It involves applying a constant potential between a working electrode and a reference electrode to measure the resulting current, which is proportional to the concentration of the analyte. The Clark oxygen electrode operates based on this principle of amperometry. It consists of a cathode and an anode enclosed...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Biogenic reduction mechanisms in iron oxide nanoparticle synthesis: Strategies to mitigate microbial resistance.

Biophysical chemistry·2026

Same author

A pH-Responsive Hydrogel for Bioactive Self-Healing Cementitious Materials.

ACS omega·2026

Same author

Procyanidins: Structural Properties, Production Methods, and Modern Applications.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Oxygen-free metabolism in the bird inner retina supported by the pecten.

Nature·2026

Same author

Chemical composition and ecological adaptation of <i>Populus</i> (Salicaceae) species and hybrids depending on soil and environmental conditions.

RSC advances·2026

Same author

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using <i>Artemisia terrae-albae</i> Extracts and Evaluation of Their Cytogenotoxic Effects.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025

Same journal

Impact of an Artificial Albumin Corona on Surface Charge-Driven Nano-Bio Interactions and Cytotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles.

ACS omega·2026

Same journal

Structural and Functional Disruption of Thiopurine S‑Methyltransferase by the A80P Variant: A Simulation and Genotyping Study.

ACS omega·2026

Same journal

CRISPR/Cas12a2-Mediated Ultrasensitive Assay for Rapid Detection of H1N1 Influenza Virus RNA.

ACS omega·2026

Same journal

Photocatalytic Treatment of Real Sugar Industry Wastewater Using Lignocellulosic Biomass-Derived Hydrochar/g-CN.

ACS omega·2026

Same journal

Electrochemical Dopamine Biosensor Based on Plant-Derived Peroxidase Immobilized on Titanate Nanowires.

ACS omega·2026

Same journal

Revealing the Effects of Process Parameters on Structural, Thermal, Mechanical, Biodegradation, and Biocompatibility Properties on the Electrospinning of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Microbial Inulin Nanofibers.

ACS omega·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement

Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement

Published on: June 11, 2014

Urea Biosensor Based on a CO₂ Microsensor.

Deby Fapyane¹, Dmitriy Berillo¹, Jean-Louis Marty²

¹Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.

|November 2, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel urea biosensor using immobilized urease and a CO2 microsensor, enhancing stability and sensitivity for complex media like blood serum. The improved sensor design offers a low detection limit and reliable performance over two weeks.

More Related Videos

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors

Published on: November 22, 2016

Manufacturing of a Nafion-coated, Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Chemiresistive Sensor to Monitor pH in Real-time During Microbial Fermentation

Manufacturing of a Nafion-coated, Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Chemiresistive Sensor to Monitor pH in Real-time During Microbial Fermentation

Published on: January 7, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 2, 2025

Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement

Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement

Published on: June 11, 2014

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors

Published on: November 22, 2016

Manufacturing of a Nafion-coated, Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Chemiresistive Sensor to Monitor pH in Real-time During Microbial Fermentation

Manufacturing of a Nafion-coated, Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Chemiresistive Sensor to Monitor pH in Real-time During Microbial Fermentation

Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Biosensors
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Direct electrode contact urea sensors lack long-term stability in complex biological samples.
A need exists for robust and sensitive urea biosensors for clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a stable and sensitive urea biosensor using immobilized urease and a CO2 microsensor.
To overcome the limitations of direct electrode contact sensors in complex media.

Main Methods:

Urease was immobilized in alginate and buffered at pH 6.
A CO2 microsensor with a gas-permeable membrane shielded the electrodes.
Oxygen interference was mitigated using a Cr2+ trap, and Ni2+ cofactor was supplied.
Bovine serum albumin was used as a stabilizer, and the mixture was cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and Ca2+ ions.

Main Results:

The urea biosensor exhibited a 95% response time of 120 seconds.
A linear calibration curve was observed in the 0-1000 μM urea concentration range with a 1 μM detection limit.
The sensor maintained approximately 70% of its initial sensitivity after two weeks of continuous operation.
Successful testing was demonstrated in blood serum samples.

Conclusions:

The developed urea biosensor demonstrates enhanced long-term stability and sensitivity compared to traditional sensors.
The immobilization strategy and microsensor design are effective for detecting urea in complex biological matrices.
This biosensor shows promise for reliable urea monitoring in clinical diagnostics.