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Updated: Dec 2, 2025

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

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This, Too, Is What Racism Feels Like.

Brooke A Cunningham¹

¹Brooke A. Cunningham (bcunning@umn.edu) is a general internist, a sociologist, and an assistant professor in the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health at the University of Minnesota, in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Health Affairs (Project Hope)

|November 2, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Racism

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Sociology
Medical Ethics

Background:

Systemic racism in America has profound, lasting impacts on the health of Black Americans.
The killing of George Floyd highlighted the urgent need to address racial injustice and its health consequences.
Physicians and healthcare providers are increasingly recognizing the embodied effects of racism on patient well-being.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the lived experiences of Black physicians and patients regarding the health effects of racism.
To examine how racial trauma and discrimination manifest physically and psychologically in Black Americans.
To advocate for systemic changes within healthcare to mitigate the harmful impacts of racism.

Main Methods:

Qualitative research methodology utilizing reflective narrative and personal testimony.
Analysis of physician's personal experiences and observations of patient health outcomes.
Drawing upon existing literature on the social determinants of health and racial disparities.

Main Results:

Racism is experienced as a form of chronic stress, leading to tangible physiological health impacts.
Embodied racism contributes to conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and mental health issues in Black Americans.
Healthcare settings can inadvertently perpetuate racial biases, exacerbating negative health outcomes.

Conclusions:

Addressing the health effects of racism requires a multi-faceted approach, including individual awareness and systemic change.
Healthcare providers must actively work to dismantle racism within their practices and institutions.
Further research is needed to fully understand and address the embodied health consequences of racism for Black Americans.