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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
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Unexpected Sounds Nonselectively Inhibit Active Visual Stimulus Representations.

Cheol Soh1, Jan R Wessel1,2

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA.

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|November 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Unexpected sounds disrupt attention by activating inhibitory control mechanisms in the brain. This neural activity, measured via EEG, explains how surprising events impact cognitive processes like distraction.

Keywords:
attentiondistractioninhibitory controlsteady-state visual evoked potentialstop-signal task

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neurophysiology

Background:

  • Cognitive flexibility relies on processing unexpected events, often leading to distraction.
  • Inhibitory control mechanisms, primarily studied in motor systems, are increasingly linked to non-motor effects of unexpected events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if unexpected events interrupt attentional representations by activating neural inhibitory control.
  • To explore the role of fronto-central EEG sources in mediating the effects of unexpected sounds on visual attention.

Main Methods:

  • Participants attended to visual stimuli (flickering lights) while EEG recorded steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs).
  • Unexpected sounds were introduced, and their effect on SSVEPs was measured.
  • Independent component analysis and a stop-signal task identified fronto-central EEG sources related to inhibitory control.

Main Results:

  • Unexpected sounds rapidly suppressed SSVEPs, indicating disrupted attentional engagement.
  • The identified fronto-central inhibitory control source was activated by unexpected sounds.
  • Specific components (N2 and P3) of this source differentially predicted the suppression of attended and unattended visual stimuli's SSVEPs.

Conclusions:

  • Unexpected events engage neural inhibitory control mechanisms that affect attentional processing.
  • Fronto-central inhibitory control signals play a differential role in processing unexpected events impacting attention.
  • Findings offer insights into distraction and attentional blink mechanisms.