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Stream Function01:20

Stream Function

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In two-dimensional incompressible fluid flow, the continuity equation is essential for ensuring mass conservation, meaning that any change in fluid entering or exiting a region is balanced by a corresponding change elsewhere. For incompressible flow, where density remains constant, this requirement simplifies to the condition that the divergence of the velocity field must be zero. Mathematically, this is expressed as,
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Buffers: Overview01:30

Buffers: Overview

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Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq).
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Encoding01:19

Encoding

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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
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Buffers02:56

Buffers

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A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
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Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
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Buffers: Buffer Capacity01:09

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

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Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles
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Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles

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An Efficient Coded Streaming Using Clients' Cache.

Tae-Won Ban1, Woongsup Lee1, Jongyeol Ryu1

  • 1Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Korea.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces XOR coding-based video streaming (XC), a new method for efficient network resource use. XC reduces transmissions by up to 18% in large-scale video streaming systems.

Keywords:
coded streamingedge cachingmultimediasteady-state probabilitystreaming

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Network Engineering
  • Information Theory

Background:

  • Multimedia traffic, especially video, is rapidly increasing, straining network resources.
  • Exclusive OR (XOR)-based index coding offers a promising solution to enhance network efficiency by reducing transmissions.
  • Existing studies often focus on theoretical optimal performance rather than practical large-scale applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and evaluate a novel XOR coding-based video streaming (XC) scheme for large-scale practical systems.
  • To develop a grouping algorithm for XC that ensures backward compatibility with existing unicast, multicast, and broadcast schemes.
  • To analyze the performance of the proposed XC scheme in terms of transmission reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a new XOR coding-based video streaming (XC) scheme.
  • Proposed a grouping algorithm for XC ensuring backward compatibility.
  • Modeled client video content caching behavior using a Markov chain.
  • Derived steady-state and caching probabilities for video content.
  • Analyzed system performance based on the average number of client connections required.

Main Results:

  • The proposed XC scheme demonstrates significant potential for large-scale video streaming.
  • The grouping algorithm guarantees backward compatibility with unicast, multicast, and broadcast.
  • Performance analysis using Markov chains provided insights into caching behavior.
  • Numerical results indicate a reduction of up to 18% in average transmissions compared to conventional schemes.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed XOR coding-based video streaming (XC) scheme effectively addresses the challenges of increasing video traffic.
  • XC offers a practical and efficient solution for enhancing network resource utilization.
  • The scheme's backward compatibility ensures seamless integration with existing infrastructure.