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Updated: Dec 2, 2025

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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[From thyroid nodules to thyroid cancer].

Reto Martin Kaderli1, Roman Trepp2

  • 1Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin, Inselspital Bern.

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Summary

Thyroid nodules are common, with 5% being malignant. Diagnosis involves TSH, ultrasound, and potentially biopsy, leading to surgery for thyroid cancer, guided by international standards like the ATA guidelines.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Thyroid nodules affect approximately 1% of individuals annually, with a 5% malignancy rate.
  • Standard diagnostics include Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) measurement and cervical ultrasound.
  • Further investigations like scintigraphy or biopsy are employed based on initial findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic and therapeutic pathway for thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer.
  • To highlight the role of clinical guidelines in managing thyroid cancer.
  • To explain the risk stratification for postoperative treatment decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic procedures for thyroid nodules.
  • Analysis of primary treatment modalities for thyroid cancer.
  • Examination of international clinical guidelines for perioperative management.
  • Description of interdisciplinary tumor board decision-making.

Main Results:

  • Surgery is the primary treatment for thyroid cancer.
  • Multiple international guidelines exist, with the German Association of Endocrine Surgeons (CAEK) and American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines frequently used.
  • Postoperative treatment, including radioiodine therapy and TSH suppression, is guided by ATA risk stratification for differentiated thyroid cancer.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic approach combining diagnostics, surgery, and guideline-based management is crucial for thyroid cancer.
  • Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for personalized therapy concepts.
  • ATA risk stratification provides a framework for optimizing postoperative care.