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Related Concept Videos

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....
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Protein Modifications in the RER01:26

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Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
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Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

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Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Methods to Identify the NMR Resonances of the 13C-Dimethyl N-terminal Amine on Reductively Methylated Proteins
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Methyl-Coenzyme M Reductase and Its Post-translational Modifications.

Hao Chen1, Qinglei Gan2, Chenguang Fan1,2

  • 1Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|November 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) is key to anaerobic methane metabolism. This review summarizes MCR research, focusing on its unusual post-translational modifications (PTMs) and their roles in methanogenesis and methane oxidation.

Keywords:
anaerobic methanotrophic archaeaanaerobic oxidation of methanemethanogenesismethanogenic archaeamethyl-coenzyme M reductasemethylationpost-translational modificationthioamidation

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Microbiology
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) is crucial for anaerobic methane metabolism, including methanogenesis and anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM).
  • MCR facilitates methane production and oxidation by catalyzing key steps in these processes.
  • MCR contains a unique nickel cofactor (coenzyme F430) and undergoes unusual post-translational modifications (PTMs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current knowledge on methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR).
  • To discuss the significance of MCR's post-translational modifications (PTMs) in microbial methane metabolism.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and suggest future research directions for MCR PTMs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on MCR and its PTMs.
  • Synthesis of existing data on MCR structure, function, and modifications.
  • Discussion of the implications of MCR PTMs in methanogenesis and AOM.

Main Results:

  • MCR plays a central role in both producing and consuming methane in anaerobic environments.
  • Unusual PTMs of MCR are hypothesized to be critical for its enzymatic activity and regulation.
  • Limited research exists on MCR PTMs, highlighting a significant gap in understanding.

Conclusions:

  • MCR is a vital enzyme in anaerobic methane cycling, with PTMs likely playing a regulatory role.
  • Further investigation into MCR PTMs is essential for a comprehensive understanding of microbial methane metabolism.
  • This review provides a foundation for future research into the functional impact of MCR modifications.