Industrial Relevance of Trichoderma reesei as an Enzyme Producer

Trichoderma reesei's potential as a rapid and efficient biomass degrader was first recognized in the 1950s when it was isolated from Army textiles during World War II. The microbe secreted cellulases that were degrading cotton-based tents and clothing of service members stationed on the Solomon Islands. In the 1970s, at the time of the first global oil crisis, research interest in T. reesei gained popularity as it was explored as part of the solution to the worlds growing dependence on fossil fuels. Much of this early work focused on classical mutagenesis and selection of hypercellulolytic strains. This early lineage was used as a starting point for both academic research with the goal of understanding secretion and regulation of expression of the complex mixture of enzymes required for cellulosic biomass decay as well as for its development as a host for industrial enzyme production. In 2001, at the onset of the second major oil crisis, the US Department of Energy supported research programs in microbial cellulases to produce ethanol from biomass which led to another surge in the study of T. reesei. This further accelerated the development of molecular biology and recombinant DNA tools in T. reesei. In addition to T. reesei's role in bio-ethanol production, it is used to produce industrial enzymes with a broad range of applications supporting the bio-based economy. To date there are around 243 commercially available enzyme products manufactured by fermentation of microorganisms; 30 of these are made using Trichoderma as a host, 21 of which are recombinant products sold for use in food, feed, and technical applications including textiles and pulp and paper.