Cholesterol metabolism: At the cross road between cancer cells and immune environment

Mevalonate pathway is a highly conserved pathway that produces isoprenoids and cholesterol, and it is often increased in cancer cells. Cholesterol, upstream metabolites including isoprenoids and cholesterol derivatives such as oxysterols modulate cell proliferation, motility, stemness and drug resistance. Moreover, when produced by cancer cells or immune infiltrating cells, they modulate the activity of immune populations of the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we will focus on the recent findings demonstrating that cholesterol derivatives may regulate tumor immune recognition or immune escape, playing a critical role in the immune surveillance. Since the mevalonate pathway is druggable, a deeper knowledge of the metabolic cross talks existing between the mevalonate pathway of cancer cells and immune cells may help to identify novel agents targeting cholesterol metabolism, able to boost the anti-tumor activity of the immune populations.