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Related Concept Videos

Larynx01:21

Larynx

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The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids,...
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Respiratory System Abnormal Finding II: Palpation and Auscultation01:31

Respiratory System Abnormal Finding II: Palpation and Auscultation

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In assessing respiratory abnormalities, palpation and auscultation are critical tools for detecting and interpreting various pathophysiological changes. These techniques provide insight into underlying disorders by evaluating tactile sensations and sounds produced by the respiratory system.
Palpation Findings
During a respiratory assessment, palpation can reveal several vital abnormalities:
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Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract IV: Auscultation01:28

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract IV: Auscultation

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Auscultation is a crucial component of the physical assessment of the respiratory tract. It offers valuable insights into airflow through the bronchial tree and potential lung obstructions. This process involves careful listening to breath, voice, and adventitious sounds, which can reveal a wealth of information about a patient's respiratory health.
Breath Sounds
Breath sounds are categorized into vesicular, bronchovesicular, and bronchial.
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Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

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There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes...
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Pharynx01:20

Pharynx

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The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented into three major areas: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Nasopharynx
The nasopharynx, bordered by the conchae of the nasal cavity, serves exclusively as an air conduit. In its superior region, the pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids are located. These tonsils are clusters of lymphoid reticular tissue akin to a lymph node. The precise...
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Spasmodic Dysphonia.

Jiahui Lin1, Babak Sadoughi2

  • 1Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA.

Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
|November 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a rare voice disorder caused by laryngeal muscle hyperfunction. Current treatments include botulinum toxin injections and surgery, with new therapies under investigation.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Speech and Language Pathology

Background:

  • Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a rare focal laryngeal dystonia.
  • It presents as task-specific voice dysfluency due to hyperfunction of intrinsic laryngeal muscles.
  • While sometimes associated with generalized dystonia, SD is typically sporadic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of spasmodic dysphonia.
  • To discuss current and emerging treatment modalities for SD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on spasmodic dysphonia.
  • Description of standard and investigational treatments.

Main Results:

  • Adductor SD is more common than abductor SD.
  • Botulinum toxin injection, often guided by electromyography, is the standard treatment, requiring periodic repetition.
  • Surgical interventions and novel approaches like electrical stimulation are also discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Spasmodic dysphonia is a complex laryngeal disorder requiring ongoing management.
  • Botulinum toxin remains the primary treatment, but research into alternative and advanced therapies continues.