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Related Concept Videos

Strength of Cement01:20

Strength of Cement

338
Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...
338
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

343
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
343
Accelerated Curing of Concrete01:25

Accelerated Curing of Concrete

341
Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...
341
Aggregate Cement Ratio01:21

Aggregate Cement Ratio

436
The Aggregate Cement ratio refers to the weight of aggregate divided by the weight of cement in a concrete mix. Altering this ratio has profound effects on the concrete's properties. This ratio plays a pivotal role in determining the strength, workability, and durability of concrete. When the Aggregate Cement ratio is higher, the mix is leaner, meaning it has less cement paste to lubricate the aggregate, potentially making the concrete less workable. Such mixes, known as lean, enhance the...
436
Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

192
This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
192
Measurement of Air Content in Concrete01:23

Measurement of Air Content in Concrete

461
Air content measurement in concrete is critical for ensuring structural integrity and durability of concrete structures, especially in environments prone to severe weather conditions. Accurate air content analysis optimizes concrete's resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and enhances its workability and strength. Several methods are standardized under ASTM guidelines to measure the air content in fresh concrete, each suitable for different concrete types and conditions.
The pressure method,...
461

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Preparation of Aligned Steel Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composite and Its Flexural Behavior
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Cementitious Composites with High Compaction Potential: Modeling and Calibration.

Giao Vu1, Tagir Iskhakov1, Jithender J Timothy1

  • 1Institute for Structural Mechanics, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Novel cementitious composites using expanded polystyrene (EPS) offer improved tunnel lining protection against large ground deformations. A validated Discrete Element Method (DEM) model aids in predicting the performance of these high-compaction materials.

Keywords:
Discrete Element Methodcompressible cementitious materialsconfined compressiondeformable grout

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Area of Science:

  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Mechanics

Background:

  • Tunnel construction faces challenges in difficult geological conditions, necessitating enhanced segmental lining protection.
  • Compressible grouts in the annular gap improve damage tolerance of tunnel linings against unexpected large deformations.
  • Expanded polystyrene (EPS) lightweight composites are emerging as promising materials for this application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel compressible cementitious EPS-based composite materials with high compaction potential.
  • To investigate the mechanical behavior of these composites under compressive loads with and without lateral confinement.
  • To calibrate and validate a Discrete Element Method (DEM) computational model for predicting the behavior of these materials.

Main Methods:

  • Development of novel compressible cementitious EPS-based composite materials.
  • Experimental testing of composite specimens under various compressive load conditions.
  • Calibration and validation of a Discrete Element Method (DEM) model using experimental data and phenomenological submodels.

Main Results:

  • The developed EPS-based composites exhibit high compaction potential, enabling customized behavior for specific geological conditions.
  • The calibrated DEM model accurately predicts the behavior of these composite materials.
  • Model prognoses show excellent agreement with experimental measurements not used in the calibration process.

Conclusions:

  • Novel compressible cementitious EPS-based composites are effective for enhancing tunnel lining resilience in challenging ground conditions.
  • The validated DEM model provides a reliable tool for the prognosis and design of such advanced composite materials.
  • This approach facilitates the development of tailored solutions for tunnel construction in squeezing ground and other difficult geological settings.