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Related Concept Videos

Slump Test01:20

Slump Test

217
The slump test is a widely used method to measure the workability of concrete. It employs a 12-inch high truncated cone mold that tapers from eight inches at the base to four inches at the top. Before testing, the mold is securely attached to a flat base and dampened.
Concrete is poured into the mold in three layers to conduct the test. Each layer is compacted 25 times with a steel tamping rod, which has a five-eighths-inch diameter and a rounded end, to ensure even distribution and eliminate...
217
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

140
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
140
Flow Table Test01:12

Flow Table Test

156
The flow table test is an established method used to assess the workability of concrete, particularly useful for evaluating highly flowable concrete mixes. This test employs an apparatus that consists of a wooden board topped with a steel plate, collectively weighing 35 pounds. The board is connected to a base via a hinge and measures 27.6 inches on each side.
Concrete is placed within a truncated cone mold that is 8 inches high with an 8-inch base diameter and a 5-inch top diameter. The...
156
Strength of Cement01:20

Strength of Cement

137
Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...
137
Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

169
The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
169
Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

81
This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
81

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Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes
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The Slump Flow of Cementitious Pastes: Simulation vs. Experiments.

Mareike Thiedeitz1, Thomas Kränkel1, Deniz Kartal1

  • 1Centre for Building Materials, Department of Materials Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 81245 München, Germany.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations accurately model cementitious paste slump flow tests. Optimizing numerical setups reduced errors to under four percent, enhancing construction materials engineering.

Keywords:
CFDOpenFOAMfresh cement paste flownon-Newtonian flowregularizationrheology

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Civil Engineering
  • Computational Mechanics

Background:

  • Accurate simulation of cementitious paste properties is vital for construction.
  • Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) offers potential but faces numerical uncertainties.
  • Slump flow tests are key for evaluating cementitious paste behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the accuracy of CFD simulations for cementitious paste slump flow tests.
  • To determine the impact of numerical setup on simulation accuracy.
  • To analyze transient, viscosity-dependent flows in different pastes.

Main Methods:

  • CFD simulations were employed, using rheometric data and Herschel-Bulkley regression for input.
  • Spatial and temporal convergence were assessed, alongside two regularization methods (Papanastasiou and bi-viscosity).
  • Slice geometry was compared to full 3D models for computational efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Temporal and spatial refinements significantly impacted results.
  • Optimized simulation setups reduced computational errors to <4% compared to experiments.
  • Papanastasiou regularization proved more accurate than the bi-viscosity model.
  • Slice geometry yielded accurate results with lower computational cost.

Conclusions:

  • Refined CFD models enhance understanding of transient flow in cementitious pastes.
  • The study provides a benchmark for future transient flow analyses in concrete.
  • Optimized CFD simulations improve accuracy and efficiency in cement and concrete flow analysis.