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Related Concept Videos

Electrogravimetric Analysis: Overview01:30

Electrogravimetric Analysis: Overview

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Electrogravimetric analysis measures the weight of an analyte deposited electrolytically onto a suitable working electrode. This method involves applying a potential to a pre-weighed electrode submerged in a solution, which results in the desired substance being deposited through reduction at the cathode or oxidation at the anode. The electrode's weight is recorded after deposition, and the difference in weight gives the analyte's weight in the solution.
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Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
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Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
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Underpotential lithium plating on graphite anodes caused by temperature heterogeneity.

Hansen Wang1, Yangying Zhu1, Sang Cheol Kim1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Temperature variations in lithium-ion batteries can cause lithium plating on anodes, leading to capacity loss and safety issues. This study reveals thermodynamics, not just kinetics, drives this critical failure mechanism.

Keywords:
Li platingequilibrium potentialextreme fast chargingtemperature heterogeneitythermodynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Battery Technology

Background:

  • Commercial lithium (Li)-ion batteries require enhanced rechargeability and operational safety.
  • Metallic Li plating on graphite anodes is a primary cause of capacity decay and short circuits in Li-ion batteries.
  • Current understanding attributes Li plating mainly to slow graphite intercalation kinetics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of thermodynamics in Li plating on graphite anodes.
  • To demonstrate how nonuniform temperature distributions influence Li plating.
  • To confirm the prevalence of this failure mechanism in commercial Li-ion batteries.

Main Methods:

  • Thermodynamic analysis of Li plating potential.
  • Battery temperature distribution simulations.
  • Validation under various charging conditions (slow and fast).

Main Results:

  • Nonuniform battery temperatures can make local Li plating thermodynamically favorable above 0 V vs. Li 0/Li +.
  • Temperature-dependent shifts in the Li 0/Li + equilibrium potential are responsible for this thermodynamic favorability.
  • Simulations confirm this failure mechanism's likelihood in commercial Li-ion batteries during operation.

Conclusions:

  • Thermodynamics plays a significant role in Li plating, alongside kinetics.
  • Nonuniform temperature distributions are a critical factor in Li plating.
  • Understanding these thermodynamic effects can guide strategies to extend Li-ion battery cycle life.