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Electrodeposition

Electrodeposition

Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
Electrodeposition can...

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Subsurface Vacancy Engineering Enables Atomically Clean and Oxidation-Resistant Copper Interfaces for Anode-Free

Yue Li^1,2, Xuanguang Ren^1,3, Xueting Feng³

¹School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.

|June 22, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

An ion-implantation method creates a clean copper interface for anode-free lithium metal batteries. This engineered interface enhances stability and efficiency, enabling long-term battery performance.

Keywords:

anode-free lithium metal batteries copper current collector interface engineering ion implantation oxidation resistance solid electrolyte interphase subsurface vacancies

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Surface Science

Background:

Interfaces are critical for electrochemical systems, but creating clean metal interfaces is difficult.
In anode-free lithium metal batteries (AFLMBs), the current collector interface impacts lithium nucleation, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, and overall battery stability.
Achieving efficient charge transport and uniform reaction distribution at the interface is key for AFLMB performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a method for creating atomically clean and oxidation-resistant copper interfaces for AFLMBs.
To investigate how atomic-scale modifications of the copper interface affect lithium deposition and SEI formation.
To demonstrate the performance benefits of the engineered interface in AFLMBs.

Main Methods:

Utilized an ion-implantation strategy to modify commercial copper foils.
Employed experiments and multiscale simulations to analyze interfacial properties and lithium deposition.
Fabricated and tested AFLMBs with the engineered copper current collectors.

Main Results:

The ion-implantation process created an atomically clean copper surface by removing native oxides and introducing subsurface vacancy clusters.
These vacancies acted as oxygen traps, preventing reoxidation and enhancing interfacial conductivity.
The modified interface promoted the formation of an ultrathin, Li2O-enriched SEI, leading to uniform lithium deposition and suppressed parasitic reactions.
AFLMBs with engineered collectors achieved 98.8% Coulombic efficiency over 600 cycles under lean-electrolyte conditions.

Conclusions:

Atomic-scale control of copper current collector interfaces is achievable through ion implantation.
This interface engineering strategy significantly enhances the stability and efficiency of anode-free lithium metal batteries.
The developed method offers a promising route toward practical and long-lasting lithium metal batteries.