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Related Concept Videos

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
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Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics01:19

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Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...
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Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:28

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Depolarizing blockers act on skeletal muscle fibers' membranes and induce their depolarization. Most depolarizing blockers have two quaternary N+ atoms that bind the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cause neuromuscular blockade within minutes.
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Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:27

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
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Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
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Botulinum Toxin Type-A for Lip Augmentation: "Lip Flip".

Jeffrey C Teixeira1, Jonnae Y Ostrom2, Marc H Hohman1

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The "Lip Flip" procedure, using botulinum neurotoxin type A, is a growing trend in minimally invasive treatments. This study investigates its rising popularity and clinical effectiveness for lip contour and fullness.

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Area of Science:

  • Aesthetic medicine and cosmetic procedures.
  • Dermatology and plastic surgery.
  • Neuromodulator treatments.

Background:

  • Minimally invasive cosmetic procedures have surged in popularity over the last decade.
  • Botulinum neurotoxin type A is increasingly used for off-label aesthetic indications.
  • The "Lip Flip" is an emerging technique involving botulinum neurotoxin type A injections along the vermillion border.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the trend and increasing interest in the "Lip Flip" procedure.
  • To evaluate the clinical outcomes of "Lip Flip" treatments performed in a clinical practice.
  • To address the limited existing literature on this specific cosmetic enhancement.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of search trends and patient inquiries related to "Lip Flip".
  • Retrospective review of clinical data from patients undergoing the "Lip Flip" procedure.
  • Documentation of injection techniques, dosages, and patient-reported outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Evidence of a significant rise in online searches and patient consultations for "Lip Flip".
  • Positive patient satisfaction reported regarding improved lip contour, eversion, and perceived fullness.
  • Demonstration of consistent and predictable aesthetic results with the "Lip Flip" technique.

Conclusions:

  • The "Lip Flip" represents a growing trend in aesthetic medicine.
  • Botulinum neurotoxin type A is effective for enhancing lip appearance via the "Lip Flip" technique.
  • Further research is warranted to establish standardized protocols and long-term efficacy.