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Optimizing Chromatographic Separations01:15

Optimizing Chromatographic Separations

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Optimizing chromatographic separations is crucial for obtaining clean separations in a minimum amount of time. Optimization is required for several factors, including kinetic effects related to band broadening, plate height, capacity factor, and separation factor.
Band broadening refers to spreading solute bands as they travel through the column. This broadening can impact resolution. Plate height (H) represents the length required for one theoretical plate. A lower plate height corresponds to...
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Optimizing the spray parameters of a cryospray process.

Prashant Srivastava1, Amitesh Kumar1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India.

Cryobiology
|November 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new multi-hole nozzle (MHN) doubles the lethal spray area for cryospray treatment compared to single-hole nozzles (SHN). This innovation enhances cryospray effectiveness for larger skin lesions, potentially reducing treatment sessions.

Keywords:
CryosprayFreezing injuryLarger lesionLiquid nitrogenMultihole nozzle

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Dermatology
  • Cryosurgery

Background:

  • Single-hole nozzles (SHN) in cryospray have limited spray zones, restricting their use for larger skin lesions (>15 mm).
  • Improving cryospray efficacy requires enhancing the treatment area and penetration depth for better lesion ablation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of a novel multi-hole nozzle (MHN) for cryospray treatment of skin lesions.
  • To compare the cryospray outcomes of MHN with conventional SHN, focusing on treatment area and depth.
  • To optimize spraying distance for MHN to maximize cryoablation effectiveness.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a 5-hole multi-hole nozzle (MHN) with 0.8 mm hole diameter.
  • Comparison of MHN with a commercial single-hole nozzle (SHN) using liquid nitrogen on tissue-mimicking gel.
  • Analysis of temperature profiles using infrared imaging and thermocouples.
  • Evaluation of ice ball dimensions (lateral spread and axial depth) and cooling rates.

Main Results:

  • MHN created a lethal area twice as large as SHN for the same spraying distance.
  • MHN ensured a 15 mm spread of necrotic zone and a depth of 2 mm, significantly larger than SHN's limited vicinity spread.
  • The lateral spread of the ice ball with MHN was double that of SHN, while axial depth remained comparable, indicating enhanced superficial destruction.
  • An optimal spraying distance of 18 mm was identified for MHN for effective cryoablation.

Conclusions:

  • The multi-hole nozzle (MHN) significantly expands the cryospray treatment zone, making it more suitable for larger skin lesions.
  • MHN offers improved superficial tissue destruction compared to SHN, potentially reducing the number of treatment sessions required.
  • Optimizing spraying distance is crucial for maximizing the therapeutic benefits of MHN in cryosurgery.