Throat cancer surgery training in France

This article reviews the development of practical and theoretical teaching of surgical management of throat cancer, from the dialectic of the Middle Ages to computer simulation of the 21st century. This work is essentially based on original historical publications, analysed from secondary references relevant to the interpretation of the original texts. The literature search was essentially conducted in the "bibliothèque universitaire de médecine de Tours", the "bibliothèque inter-universitaire de médecine de Paris", the "Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris archives" and the "bibliothèque nationale de France". PubMed was used for the most recent references. The search terms focused on surgical training, the history of otorhinolaryngology and throat cancer. Up until the 19th century, throat cancer surgery training was provided by general surgeons. The otorhinolaryngology specialty was created at the turn of the 20th century: throat cancer surgery became a subspecialty, but certain university obstacles prevented the creation of formal throat cancer surgery training. In the 20th and 21st century, throat cancer surgery training was enhanced by technical innovations as well as ethical imperatives. The principle of mentoring, essential in surgical training, has remained a constant feature throughout the ages, regardless of the scientific progress described in this historical review.