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A case against default effect sizes in sport and exercise science.

Aaron Caldwell1,2, Andrew D Vigotsky3

  • 1Thermal and Mountain Medicine, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States of America.

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|November 16, 2020
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Summary

This study clarifies standardized mean differences (SMDs) for sport and exercise science. It offers a framework and recommendations for reporting effect sizes, improving data interpretation in research.

Keywords:
Appiled statisticsExercise scienceSport scienceStandardized effect sizeStandardized mean difference

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Area of Science:

  • Sport and Exercise Science
  • Biostatistics
  • Research Methodology

Background:

  • Discussions in sport and exercise science highlight the need for appropriate use and reporting of effect sizes.
  • Standardized mean differences (SMDs) are frequently used to interpret repeated-measures data in this field.
  • Confusion exists regarding the conceptualization and application of SMDs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a philosophical framework for conceptualizing SMDs, categorizing them into magnitude-based and signal-to-noise types.
  • To describe the statistical properties of SMDs and their implications for researchers.
  • To offer recommendations for the thoughtful reporting of effect sizes, including raw effect sizes and SMDs, in sport and exercise science studies.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis and philosophical framework development for SMDs.
  • Statistical properties of SMDs are described.
  • Recommendations for reporting effect sizes are provided based on the conceptual and statistical analysis.

Main Results:

  • SMDs are dichotomized into magnitude-based and signal-to-noise categories.
  • The statistical properties and implications of SMDs are detailed.
  • A framework is established to guide the selection and justification of SMD reporting.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed conceptual framework aids sport and exercise scientists in understanding and choosing appropriate SMDs.
  • Clearer reporting of effect sizes, including SMDs, will enhance data interpretation and research reproducibility.
  • This work provides essential background for making informed decisions about effect size reporting in the field.