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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Cytoskeletal Accessory Proteins01:13

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The cytoskeleton is an essential cell component that plays several structural and functional roles. However, the filaments that make up the cytoskeleton cannot function independently and depend on the accessory or ancillary proteins to effectively carry out their function. Accessory proteins associate with cytoskeletal filaments and their monomers, aiding filament formation and function. They also help in the cross-communication among cytoskeletal filaments. Cytoskeletal accessory proteins are...
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Gap Junctions01:27

Gap Junctions

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The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
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Tension Response at Adherens Junctions01:26

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The adherens junctions that anchor cells together are multi-protein complexes that dynamically adapt to mechanical stimuli such as tensile forces and shear stress. Mechanosensory proteins in these junctions can sense such mechanical stimuli and undergo a shift in their conformation, resulting in an altered function — a process called mechanotransduction.
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Human airway epithelial nasal and bronchial progenitor cell programs are defined in early infancy.

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Sticking to Membranes: Structure, Function, and Cellular Roles of the Annexin Family of Ca<sup>2+</sup>- and Membrane-Binding Proteins.

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Special Issue "Recent Developments in Annexin Biology".

Ursula Rescher1, Volker Gerke1, Lina Hsiu Kim Lim2,3,4

  • 1Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany.

Cells
|November 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Annexin proteins, discovered 40 years ago, are calcium-binding proteins with diverse cellular roles. Recent research highlights their expanding functions in cellular organization, health, and disease, with clinical applications emerging.

Keywords:
Annexincancerexocytosisinfectioninflammationinjurylipidmembranemembrane repairvirus

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • Annexins are structurally conserved Ca2+-binding proteins, initially recognized for membrane interactions.
  • Over 40 years, research has revealed a broader spectrum of annexin functions beyond calcium binding.

Discussion:

  • The 10th biennial Annexin conference convened global experts to discuss annexin roles in cellular organization and in health and disease.
  • This Special Issue compiles findings presented at the conference, reflecting the dynamic nature of annexin research.

Key Insights:

  • Annexin research has evolved from basic membrane binding to encompass complex cellular processes.
  • The family of annexin proteins plays crucial roles in both fundamental biological organization and the pathogenesis of various diseases.

Outlook:

  • Emerging clinical applications underscore the translational potential of annexin research.
  • Continued investigation into annexin biology promises further insights into cellular function and disease mechanisms.