Geoffrey Burnstock - An accidental pharmacologist

Geoffrey Burnstock, the founder of the field of purinergic signaling research passed away in Melbourne, Australia on June 3rd, 2020, at the age of 91. With his death, the world of biomedical research lost one of its most passionate, creative and unconventional thought leaders. He was an inspiration to the many researchers he interacted with for more than 50 years and a frequent irritation to those in the administrative establishment. Geoff never considered himself a pharmacologist having being trained as a zoologist and becoming an autonomic neurophysiologist based on his evolving interests in systems and disease-related research. By the end of his life he had: published some 1550 papers; been cited more than 125,000 times; had an h-index of 156 and had supervised over 100 Ph.D. students. His indelible legacy, based on a holistic, data-based, multidisciplinary, unconventional "outside the box" approach to research was reflected in two of the seminal findings in late 20th century biomedical research: the purinergic neurotransmitter hypothesis and the concept of co-neurotransmission, both of which were initially received by his peers with considerable skepticism that at times verged on disdain. Nonetheless, while raising hackles and threatening the status quo, Geoff persevered and prevailed, becoming a mentor for several generations of biomedical researchers. In this review we provide a joint perspective on Geoff Burnstock's legacy in research.