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DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation

Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation

Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...

Interphase

Interphase

The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
Phases of Interphase
Following each period of mitosis and cytokinesis, eukaryotic cells enter interphase, during which they grow and replicate...

Interphase

Interphase

The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.

Positive Regulator Molecules

Positive Regulator Molecules

To consistently produce healthy cells, the cell cycle—the process that generates daughter cells—must be precisely regulated.

Positive Regulator Molecules

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Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 29, 2025

Transcriptome Analysis of Single Cells

Transcriptome Analysis of Single Cells

Published on: April 25, 2011

The transcriptome dynamics of single cells during the cell cycle.

Daniel Schwabe¹, Sara Formichetti^2,3,4, Jan Philipp Junker⁵

¹Mathematical Cell Physiology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.

Molecular Systems Biology

|November 18, 2020

Summary

Researchers developed a new method to analyze cell cycle dynamics using gene expression data. This reveals a circular trajectory in transcriptome space, simplifying cell cycle analysis and gene regulation understanding.

Keywords:

cell biology cell cycle dynamical systems single-cell RNA sequencing systems biology

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Last Updated: Nov 29, 2025

Transcriptome Analysis of Single Cells

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Published on: April 25, 2011

Measuring the Kinetics of mRNA Transcription in Single Living Cells

Measuring the Kinetics of mRNA Transcription in Single Living Cells

Published on: August 25, 2011

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Published on: June 6, 2017

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Systems Biology
Genomics

Background:

The cell cycle is fundamental to biology, but its dynamics in high-dimensional gene expression space are not well understood.
Advances in single-cell analysis have not fully elucidated the topology of cell cycle progression.
Understanding cell cycle gene expression is crucial for deciphering cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a method for analyzing cell cycle dynamics in gene expression data.
To reveal the trajectory and topology of the cell cycle in transcriptome space.
To provide a tool for ordering unsynchronized cells and removing cell cycle effects.

Main Methods:

Linear analysis of transcriptome data.
Modeling cell cycle as a trajectory in gene expression space.
Development of the "Revelio" method for temporal ordering of cells.

Main Results:

Cells exhibit a planar circular trajectory in transcriptome space during the cell cycle.
Non-cycling gene expression introduces a helical motion on a cylinder.
Cell cycle transcriptome dynamics are largely independent of other cellular processes.
Two dynamic components drive transcriptome dynamics, with each gene upregulated once per cycle.

Conclusions:

The cell cycle is characterized by a conserved, efficient transcriptional regulation strategy.
The "Revelio" method simplifies the analysis of cell cycle effects in transcriptomic data.
The findings suggest a principle of minimizing regulatory effort in cellular processes.
This understanding may apply to other cellular differentiation processes.