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Related Concept Videos

Forgetting01:21

Forgetting

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Forgetting is an intrinsic aspect of human memory, characterized by the gradual loss or inaccessibility of information over time. Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneering psychologist, extensively studied this phenomenon and formulated the forgetting curve. This curve illustrates that memory loss occurs rapidly immediately after learning and then decelerates over time. Several mechanisms contribute to forgetting, including encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, and interference.
Encoding...
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Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

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Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Related Experiment Video

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The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
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Memory Lapses-Winning the Slow Race.

Nicole Baumgarth1

  • 1Center for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis, County Rd. 98 & Hutchison Dr., Davis, CA 95616, USA.

Immunity
|November 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Pre-existing immunity shapes responses to new infections. Memory B cells form a diverse repertoire for quick plasma blast responses, impacting future vaccine design.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Disease

Background:

  • Pre-existing humoral immunity influences responses to subsequent heterologous infections.
  • Understanding these adaptive immune mechanisms is crucial for effective disease control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of memory B cells in shaping immune responses to heterologous infections.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which memory B cells contribute to rapid plasma blast responses.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of memory B cell populations and their repertoire diversity.
  • Assessment of plasma blast formation following secondary infection challenges.

Main Results:

  • Memory B cells, despite not re-entering germinal centers, establish an affinity-restricted and diversified B cell repertoire.

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  • This repertoire facilitates rapid and robust plasma blast responses upon encountering new pathogens.

    • Conclusions:

    • Memory B cells play a critical role in orchestrating rapid humoral immunity against heterologous infections.
    • These findings offer valuable insights for designing more effective vaccines that leverage pre-existing immunity.