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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell01:06

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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
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Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
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Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
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Updated: Nov 29, 2025

Cell Population Analyses During Skin Carcinogenesis
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Skin changes in hairy cell leukemia.

Ewa Robak1, Dorota Jesionek-Kupnicka2, Tadeusz Robak3,4

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.

Annals of Hematology
|November 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Skin lesions occur in 10-12% of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) patients, but direct skin infiltration by leukemia (leukemia cutis) is very rare. This review covers HCL skin manifestations, focusing on diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
Adverse drug reactionsCladribineCutaneousHairy cell leukemiaInfectiousInterferonLeukemia cutisMelanomaNeutrophilic dermatosesSecondary cancerSkinSkin neoplasmsVasculitisVemurafenib

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Dermatology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Skin lesions are observed in 10-12% of patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL).
  • Most HCL-related skin lesions stem from autoimmune or infectious causes.
  • Leukemia cutis, direct skin infiltration by leukemic cells, is exceptionally rare in HCL.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of skin lesions in HCL patients.
  • To highlight the rarity of leukemia cutis in HCL and differentiate it from other cutaneous manifestations.
  • To provide an updated overview of skin involvement in HCL for clinicians and researchers.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review was performed using the MEDLINE database via PubMed.
  • Search terms included "hairy cell leukemia," "skin lesions," "leukemia cutis," "adverse events," "infectious," "cutaneous," "drug reactions," "neutrophilic dermatoses," "secondary neoplasms," and "vasculitis."
  • Publications from January 1980 to September 2020 were analyzed, with references from selected articles also reviewed.

Main Results:

  • The review synthesizes information on various skin manifestations in HCL, including autoimmune, infectious, drug-induced, and secondary neoplastic conditions.
  • It emphasizes that while common, these are distinct from leukemia cutis, which is infrequently reported in HCL.
  • The epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for these diverse skin lesions are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Skin lesions in HCL patients are relatively common but typically secondary to other processes, not direct leukemic infiltration.
  • Leukemia cutis is a rare but critical diagnosis to consider in HCL patients presenting with skin lesions.
  • Understanding the spectrum of cutaneous manifestations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management in HCL.