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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

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The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Anatomy of the Heart01:20

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The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 29, 2025

Anatomically Realistic Neonatal Heart Model for Use in Neonatal Patient Simulators
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The development of a flexible heart model for simulation-based training.

Jelle Man1, Jos Maessen1,2, Peyman Sardari Nia1,2

  • 1Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.

Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
|November 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary

A novel flexible 3D-printed heart model was created for surgical simulation. This adaptable platform allows for patient-specific cardiac structures to be attached, enhancing training for cardiovascular procedures.

Keywords:
FlexibleHeartModelSimulationSurgical

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Simulation

Background:

  • Simulation-based training is crucial for developing surgical skills.
  • Existing models may lack the flexibility for diverse procedural simulations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a versatile 3D-printed heart model for simulating multiple cardiovascular procedures.
  • To create a foundational platform for patient-specific surgical training.

Main Methods:

  • A digital heart model was combined with 3D transesophageal echocardiography and CT scans.
  • Internal structures were modified for insertable components, and coronary grooves were added.
  • The model was hollowed and printed using a flexible material with optimized wall thickness.

Main Results:

  • A hollow, flexible 3D-printed heart model was successfully produced.
  • The model features 1.5 mm wall thickness and accommodates various sizes of coronary arteries, valves, and aortic roots.

Conclusions:

  • A flexible 3D-printed heart model was developed for cardiovascular procedure simulation.
  • This model serves as an adaptable platform for attaching patient-specific cardiac structures.
  • It enhances surgical training by providing a realistic simulation environment.