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Risk factors associated with worse outcomes in COVID-19: a retrospective study in Saudi Arabia

Anas Khan1,2, Saqer Althunayyan3, Yousef Alsofayan2

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue De Sante De La Mediterranee Orientale = Al-Majallah Al-Sihhiyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassit
|November 23, 2020
PubMed

Insights

Older males, those with cardiac or respiratory conditions, and individuals with multiple comorbidities faced higher risks of severe outcomes from COVID-19. This highlights the need for targeted risk assessment in Saudi Arabia.

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic has caused widespread illness and death, straining healthcare systems globally.
  • Understanding risk factors for severe COVID-19 outcomes is crucial for effective patient management and resource allocation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify demographic and clinical risk factors associated with poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia.
  • To inform clinical decision-making and public health strategies for managing COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • A multi-center retrospective cohort study involving 648 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in Saudi Arabia (March 2020).
  • Data on demographics, clinical history, comorbidities, and outcomes were extracted from the National Health Electronic Surveillance Network (HESN).
  • Logistic regression models were used to determine odds ratios (OR) for critical outcomes (ICU admission or death).

Main Results:

  • Key risk factors for critical outcomes included being male (OR=1.92), age over 60 years (OR=3.65), cardiac diseases (OR=3.05), and chronic respiratory diseases (OR=2.29).
  • Patients with two or more comorbidities had a significantly higher risk (OR=2.57) of severe outcomes.
  • All identified risk factors were statistically significant (P<0.05) after adjusting for age and sex.

Conclusions:

  • Independent predictors of critical COVID-19 outcomes in Saudi Arabia are advanced age, male sex, pre-existing cardiac and chronic respiratory diseases, and multiple comorbidities.
  • Development of a specialized multi-item scale is recommended for improved prognostication of COVID-19 patients.
Abstract

Keywords:
COVID-19ICU admissionSaudi Arabiamortalityrisk factors

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