Forecasting the carbon dioxide emissions in 53 countries and regions using a non-equigap grey model

Non-equigap GM(1,1) model with conformable fractional accumulation (CFNGM(1,1)) is proposed to analyze the relationship between energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Two cases are used to prove the validity of the model. In this article, energy consumption is used as input and carbon dioxide emissions are used as output. Carbon dioxide emissions of 53 countries and regions in North America, South America, Europe, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Middle East, Africa, and Asia Pacific are predicted. The forecast results show that the carbon dioxide emissions of 30 countries and regions have risen to varying degrees. The top three countries with carbon dioxide emissions in the next three years are China, the USA, and India. More attention should be paid to the carbon dioxide emissions of China.