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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 28, 2025

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
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Stimulus novelty, task demands, and strategy use in episodic memory.

Otto Waris1,2,3, Daniel Fellman1,4,5, Jussi Jylkkä1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)
|November 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Strategy use in cognitive tasks, like memory, begins immediately and develops based on task features, not just novelty. Repeatedly asking about strategies doesn't change performance.

Keywords:
Memory strategyepisodic memorylist learningmnemonicstask difficultytask novelty

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Cognitive task performance is dynamic, evolving with experience.
  • Strategy use is crucial for task acquisition and successful performance.
  • Understanding strategy development in episodic memory is key to cognitive skill learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the impact of task novelty and difficulty on strategy use in episodic memory.
  • Replicate previous findings on strategy use in a new memory task.
  • Determine if repeated strategy queries influence task performance or strategy engagement.

Main Methods:

  • 161 adult participants completed two 5-block list learning tasks (pseudowords and common nouns).
  • Recall performance and open-ended strategy reports were collected per block.
  • Bayesian linear mixed effects models analyzed the data.

Main Results:

  • Strategy development can occur in familiar, moderately difficult tasks, not solely driven by novelty.
  • Replicated findings of early strategy use, its association with performance, and modest agreement between reporting methods.
  • Repeated open-ended strategy reports did not impact objective recall performance.

Conclusions:

  • Strategy use is integral to memory performance from task initiation and develops based on task characteristics.
  • Findings support theories of skill learning and adaptivity in cognitive tasks.
  • Early and adaptive strategy engagement is a fundamental aspect of cognitive performance.