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Related Concept Videos

Halogens03:01

Halogens

22.4K
Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

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Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

9.4K
Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

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sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
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ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens01:24

ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens

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Halogens are ortho–para directors. They are more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, as ring substituents, they can withdraw electrons through the inductive effect and deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Halogens also have an electron-donating resonance effect on the ring, which influences the orientation of the incoming electrophile. If an electrophile attacks at the ortho or the para position, the halogen donates electrons and stabilizes the intermediate...
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Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

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Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
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Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework
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ThH5 : An Actinide-Containing Superhalogen Molecule.

Mary Marshall1, Zhaoguo Zhu1, Rachel Harris1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
|November 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers studied the thorium hydride anion, ThH5-. They found it has a unique C4v structure and confirmed its five Th-H single bonds, identifying its neutral form as a superhalogen.

Keywords:
actinidesanion photoelectron spectroscopyhydridessuperhalogenthorium

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear materials science
  • Computational chemistry
  • Quantum chemistry

Background:

  • Thorium compounds are key nuclear materials.
  • Thorium hydrides (ThH2, ThH4, Th4H15) have been explored as nuclear fuels.
  • Understanding thorium hydride structures is crucial for nuclear applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structure and bonding of the thorium hydride anion, ThH5-.
  • To characterize ThH5- using experimental and theoretical methods.
  • To determine if the neutral ThH5 species exhibits superhalogen properties.

Main Methods:

  • Anion photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study ThH5-.
  • Computational methods were employed to calculate electronic structure and properties.
  • Adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) was used for chemical bonding analysis.

Main Results:

  • Experimental and theoretical vertical detachment energies (VDE) for ThH5- were found to be 4.09 eV and 4.11 eV, respectively.
  • The C4v structure of ThH5- with five Th-H single bonds was confirmed.
  • The neutral ThH5 species was identified as a superhalogen.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully characterized the ThH5- anion and its bonding.
  • ThH5- exhibits the highest known H/M ratio among actinide elements.
  • The findings contribute to the understanding of actinide hydride chemistry and superhalogens.