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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
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Schemas are cognitive structures that provide a framework for interpreting and organizing social information. They help individuals navigate complex environments by offering expectations about people, events, and behaviors. Schemas influence attention, encoding, and retrieval processes, thereby shaping the entire trajectory of information processing in social contexts.Attention and Cognitive LoadDuring initial attention, schemas function as filters that prioritize schema-consistent information,...
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A schema is a mental construct that organizes related concepts, allowing the brain to process information efficiently. Upon activation, schemata facilitate assumptions about people or objects.
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Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems
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Structuring Knowledge with Cognitive Maps and Cognitive Graphs.

Michael Peer1, Iva K Brunec2, Nora S Newcombe2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|November 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Humans use both cognitive maps and cognitive graphs for navigation and understanding complex information. These mental representations, supported by overlapping neural systems, help us navigate physical, social, and conceptual spaces.

Keywords:
grid cellshippocampusmemoryretrosplenial complexsemantic knowledgespatial navigationvisual scenes

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Spatial Cognition
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Humans and animals navigate using mental representations of spatial environments.
  • Classical theories propose Euclidean cognitive maps, while alternatives suggest cognitive graphs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence for both map-like and graph-like mental representations.
  • To explore the neural underpinnings and applications of these representations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on spatial cognition and neural systems.
  • Analysis of evidence supporting map and graph theories.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports the existence of both cognitive maps and cognitive graphs.
  • These representations utilize partially overlapping neural systems.
  • Maps and graphs can function independently or concurrently.

Conclusions:

  • Both cognitive maps and graphs are vital for navigation and organizing information.
  • They extend beyond spatial knowledge to nonspatial domains.
  • These schemata are fundamental for navigating diverse environments.