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Updated: Nov 28, 2025

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces
Published on: February 6, 2017
Norovirus elimination on the surface of fresh foods
Alexandra Gobeil1, Behnoush Maherani1, Monique Lacroix1
1Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Centre, Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval, Québec, Canada.
Abstract:
Fresh foods like fruits, vegetables and shellfish are potential sources for viral infections such as human norovirus (NoV). Chemical treatment like chlorination is a well-known process for food pathogens and virus elimination. However, with the increase of the consumer demand for less toxic treatment, the use of natural antimicrobials like essential oils from spice or plants, fruit extracts, and cold pasteurization treatments (fermentation, irradiation, ozonation and high pressure) could be considered. The aim of this review is to discuss these technologies and their efficacy to eliminate NoV on the surface of fresh food.
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