Programmable and Self-Healing Light-Driven Actuators through Synergetic Use of Water-Shaping and -Welding Methods

Shape programming is critical for the fabrication of a light-driven actuator with complex shape morphing, which demonstrates potential applications in remote-controlled light-driven soft robots. However, it remains a huge challenge to obtain light-driven actuators having advantages of complex shape morphing, self-healing function, and facile fabrication simultaneously. Here, we report a facile strategy to obtain programmable and self-healing light-driven actuators with complex shape morphing. Various initial shapes of actuators can be programmed by synergetic use of water-shaping and -welding methods, which provides unlimited opportunities for fabricating actuators with predesigned shapes and subsequently demonstrating complex shape morphing. A template transfer method is used to prepare a single-layer graphene oxide (GO) film with asymmetric surface structures, which acts as the basic actuator and has the self-healing function based on the hydrophilic property of GO. It shows bending morphing under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation due to the photothermal effect and asymmetric morphology on the opposite surfaces. Four more types of actuators are programmed from the basic actuator through the water-shaping method, which exhibits bending, unbending, twisting, and untwisting, respectively, under NIR light illumination. In addition, an S-shape actuator and a flower-shape actuator are programmed from the basic actuators through the water-welding method. By simply turning over the S-shape actuator, it can perform a bidirectional crawling motion. Finally, two intricate bionic light-driven actuators (tendril-shape and octopus-shape) are constructed, which are unattainable from conventional fabrication methods of actuators. We believe that this study will unlock a new way to programmable, self-healing, and light-driven soft robots with tunable and complex shape morphing.