Perturbation theory for Kerr nonlinear leaky cavities

In emerging open photonic resonators that support quasinormal eigenmodes, fundamental physical quantities and methods have to be carefully redefined. Here, we develop a perturbation theory framework for nonlinear material perturbations in leaky optical cavities. The ambiguity in specifying the stored energy due to the exponential growth of the quasinormal mode field profile is lifted by implicitly specifying it via the accompanying resistive loss. The capabilities of the framework are demonstrated by considering a third-order nonlinear ring resonator and verified by comparing against full-wave nonlinear finite element simulations. The developed theory allows for efficiently modeling nonlinear phenomena in contemporary photonic resonators with radiation and resistive loss.