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Updated: Nov 28, 2025

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators
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Perturbation theory for Kerr nonlinear leaky cavities.

Thomas Christopoulos, Odysseas Tsilipakos, Emmanouil E Kriezis

    Optics Letters
    |December 1, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a new perturbation theory for nonlinear material changes in leaky optical cavities. This framework accurately models stored energy and loss, enabling efficient simulation of nonlinear phenomena in photonic resonators.

    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Optical Engineering
    • Quantum Optics

    Background:

    • Open photonic resonators supporting quasinormal eigenmodes require redefined physical quantities and methods.
    • Modeling nonlinear material perturbations in these systems presents challenges due to field profile ambiguities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a perturbation theory framework for nonlinear material perturbations in leaky optical cavities.
    • To address the ambiguity in stored energy specification in quasinormal modes.
    • To enable efficient modeling of nonlinear phenomena in contemporary photonic resonators.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a perturbation theory framework.
    • Implicitly specified stored energy via resistive loss to resolve ambiguity.
    • Applied the framework to a third-order nonlinear ring resonator.

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  • Verified results against full-wave nonlinear finite element simulations.

    • Main Results:

    • The framework successfully models nonlinear material perturbations in leaky optical cavities.
    • Stored energy is unambiguously defined through resistive loss.
    • Efficient modeling of nonlinear phenomena is achieved.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed perturbation theory provides a robust method for analyzing nonlinear effects in open photonic resonators.
    • This approach is crucial for advancing research in contemporary photonic devices with radiation and resistive loss.