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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 28, 2025

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

How Do Different Digital Displays Affect the Ocular Surface?

Cristian Talens-Estarelles¹, Vicent Sanchis-Jurado, José J Esteve-Taboada

¹Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.

Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry

|December 1, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Smartphones and e-readers cause fewer dry eye symptoms compared to laptops and tablets. Artificial tears did not significantly improve ocular surface or tear film parameters across different digital displays.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Digital Health
Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

Digital display use is a known contributor to dry eye disease.
Variations in digital display technology and usage may influence the severity of eye-related issues.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare ocular surface, tear film, and visual fatigue differences across various digital displays.
To evaluate the efficacy of artificial tears in mitigating digital display-induced eye strain.

Main Methods:

A prospective study involving 31 healthy young adults (20-26 years).
Assessment of ocular surface, tear film, and visual fatigue after 15-minute reading tasks on laptops, tablets, e-readers, and smartphones.
Utilized questionnaires (Ocular Surface Disease Index, Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire), tear meniscus height, Schirmer I test, noninvasive keratograph break-up time, osmolarity, bulbar redness, and pupil size measurements, with and without artificial tears.

Main Results:

Significant differences were observed in ocular surface and tear film parameters among the tested devices (P < .05).
Smartphones and e-readers demonstrated the best outcomes, while laptops caused the most significant ocular surface and tear film disturbance.
Artificial tear instillation did not yield statistically significant improvements in ocular surface or tear film parameters for any device (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Smartphones appear to be the least disruptive digital display, exhibiting fewer dry eye signs and symptoms compared to other devices.
The study highlights device-specific impacts on ocular health and suggests smartphones as a potentially safer option for digital reading.