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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond
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Visualization of Autophagy Progression by a Red-Green-Blue Autophagy Sensor.

Heejung Kim1,2, Hyunbin Kim1,3, Jaesik Choi4

  • 1Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis Treatment Care of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea.

ACS Sensors
|December 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel red-green-blue-LC3 (RGB-LC3) sensor to track autophagy progression. This tool accurately identifies distinct stages, aiding the study of autophagy-related diseases and therapeutic development.

Keywords:
RGB-LC3autophagic fluxautophagy progressionfluorescent sensorpH ratiometric sensor

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Disease Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Autophagy is a critical cellular process for degrading damaged components and misfolded proteins, essential for maintaining homeostasis.
  • Dysregulation of autophagy contributes to various diseases, highlighting the need for precise monitoring of its progression.
  • Current methods for tracking autophagy stages can be limited, necessitating the development of more advanced tools.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel biosensor for real-time monitoring of autophagy flux.
  • To enable clear differentiation of various autophagy stages, including phagophores, autophagosomes, and autolysosomes.
  • To investigate the impact of specific disease-related molecules, such as Aβ, on autophagy dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a red-green-blue-LC3 (RGB-LC3) sensor by fusing LC3 with spectrally distinct, pH-sensitive fluorescent proteins.
  • Utilizing the RGB-LC3 sensor and pH predictions to visualize and identify different stages of autophagy in live cells.
  • Application of the RGB-LC3 sensor to differentiate the effects of amyloid-beta (Aβ) monomers and oligomers on autophagy flux.

Main Results:

  • The RGB-LC3 sensor successfully distinguished phagophores, autophagosomes, fusion stages, early autolysosomes, and mature autolysosomes in live cells.
  • The sensor demonstrated distinct spectral profiles, stability, brightness, and pH sensitivities, enabling precise stage identification.
  • RGB-LC3 effectively differentiated the impact of Aβ monomers versus oligomers on autophagy flux, providing new insights into their pathogenic mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The novel RGB-LC3 sensor provides a valuable tool for detailed investigation of autophagy mechanisms.
  • Accurate detection of autophagy stages using RGB-LC3 can significantly advance therapeutic strategies for autophagy-related diseases.
  • This sensor offers a promising approach for studying molecular mechanisms underlying diseases associated with autophagy dysfunction.