Digital three-dimensional visualization of intrabony periodontal defects for regenerative surgical treatment planning

In the regenerative treatment of intrabony periodontal defects, surgical strategies are primarily determined by defect morphologies. In certain cases, however, direct clinical measurements and intraoral radiographs do not provide sufficient information on defect morphologies. Therefore, the application of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been proposed in specific cases. 3D virtual models reconstructed with automatic thresholding algorithms have already been used for diagnostic purposes. The aim of this study was to utilize 3D virtual models, generated with a semi-automatic segmentation method, for the treatment planning of minimally invasive periodontal surgeries and to evaluate the accuracy of the virtual models, by comparing digital measurements to direct intrasurgical measurements.

Four patients with a total of six intrabony periodontal defects were enrolled in the present study. Two months following initial periodontal treatment, a CBCT scan was taken. The novel semi-automatic segmentation method was performed in an open-source medical image processing software (3D Slicer) to acquire virtual 3D models of alveolar and dental structures. Intrasurgical and digital measurements were taken, and results were compared to validate the accuracy of the digital models. Defect characteristics were determined prior to surgery with conventional diagnostic methods and 3D virtual models. Diagnostic assessments were compared to the actual defect morphology during surgery.

Differences between intrasurgical and digital measurements in depth and width of intrabony components of periodontal defects averaged 0.31 ± 0.21 mm and 0.41 ± 0.44 mm, respectively. In five out of six cases, defect characteristics could not be assessed precisely with direct clinical measurements and intraoral radiographs. 3D models generated with the presented semi-automatic segmentation method depicted the defect characteristics correctly in all six cases.

It can be concluded that 3D virtual models acquired with the described semi-automatic segmentation method provide accurate information on intrabony periodontal defect morphologies, thus influencing the treatment strategy. Within the limitations of this study, models were found to be accurate; however, further investigation with a standardized validation process on a large number of participants has to be conducted.