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Related Concept Videos

Heritability01:06

Heritability

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Heritability is a statistical concept that measures the degree to which genetic differences among individuals contribute to trait variations within a population. It is a fundamental idea in genetics, often prone to misinterpretation. Heritability is expressed as a percentage, reflecting the proportion of variation in a specific trait across a population that can be linked to genetic differences. However, it's important to understand that heritability does not determine how "genetic"...
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Inheritance01:25

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Gregor Mendel's pioneering work on the principles of inheritance fundamentally transformed our understanding of how traits are transmitted from generation to generation. His experiments with pea plants laid the groundwork for the discovery of genes, discrete units within organisms that control heredity.
Each gene exists in pairs, and the combination of these genes from both parents forms an individual's genotype. This genotype is a blueprint of potential traits. Examples of genotype...
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Law of Segregation01:49

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When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.
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Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
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Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance01:39

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

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In 1866, Gregor Mendel published the results of his pea plant breeding experiments, providing evidence for predictable patterns in the inheritance of physical characteristics. The significance of his findings was not immediately recognized. In fact, the existence of genes was unknown at the time. Mendel referred to hereditary units as “factors.”
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Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

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Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
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Phenotype Heritability in Holobionts: An Evolutionary Model.

Saúl Huitzil1,2, Santiago Sandoval-Motta2,3,4, Alejandro Frank2,5

  • 1Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.

Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation
|December 2, 2020
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Summary

The missing heritability in complex diseases may be explained by considering the host and its microbiota together. Including microbiome genetic variation significantly reduces the heritability gap, highlighting its crucial role in disease susceptibility.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Complex Disease Research

Background:

  • Complex diseases exhibit high incidence in specific populations, suggesting heritability.
  • Genetic studies fail to fully explain this heritability, a phenomenon termed the 'missing heritability' problem.
  • The host's microbiota significantly influences host phenotype, including complex disease development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether host-microbiota interactions contribute to the missing heritability in complex diseases.
  • To evaluate the role of microbiome genetic variation in explaining heritability gaps.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an evolutionary model based on gene regulatory networks.
  • Compared phenotypic variability generated by the host alone versus the holobiont (host plus microbiota).

Main Results:

  • The holobiont model generated significantly greater phenotypic variability compared to the host alone.
  • Incorporating microbiome genetic variation substantially reduced the missing heritability of complex phenotypes.

Conclusions:

  • The genetic variation within the host's microbiota is a major contributor to the missing heritability of complex diseases.
  • A significant portion of missing heritability can be attributed to the microbiome, emphasizing the importance of studying the holobiont.