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Schemas01:42

Schemas

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A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor
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A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

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A New Class of Retrocausal Models.

Ken Wharton1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, San José State University, San José, CA 95192-0106, USA.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Globally-constrained classical fields offer a novel framework for quantum phenomena, modeling retrocausal but not retro-signaling behavior. These models address single-photon issues and hint at connections to quantum weak values.

Area of Science:

  • Theoretical Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Classical Electrodynamics

Background:

  • Classical fields struggle to explain quantum phenomena like single-photon behavior.
  • Existing models like Stochastic Electrodynamics face challenges such as infinite background energy.
  • A need exists for alternative frameworks that reconcile classical and quantum descriptions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and explore globally-constrained classical fields as a new framework for quantum phenomena.
  • To develop example models resolving classical electromagnetic field limitations in explaining single-photon events.
  • To investigate the potential of these models in addressing entanglement and quantum weak values.

Main Methods:

  • Developing models with controllable constraints on past fields, ensuring retrocausality without retro-signaling.
Keywords:
RetrocausationStochastic Electrodynamicsweak values

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  • Applying these models to explain single-photon phenomena, overcoming limitations of classical electromagnetic fields.
  • Analyzing intermediate field intensities and their relationship to quantum weak values.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated that globally-constrained classical fields can model particle-like quantum behavior.
    • Resolved key issues in using classical electromagnetic fields for single-photon phenomena.
    • Identified a connection between average intermediate field intensities and quantum weak values, even in the single-photon limit.
    • Presented models avoiding the infinite background energy problem of Stochastic Electrodynamics.

    Conclusions:

    • Globally-constrained classical fields offer a promising, unexplored framework for quantum mechanics.
    • These models provide a path towards explaining entanglement phenomena.
    • The findings suggest potential for spacetime-based explanations of quantum weak values and other quantum phenomena.