Advances in Cardiovascular Biomarker Discovery.

Area of Science:

• Biomedical research
• Cardiovascular medicine
• Biomarker discovery

Background:

• Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading global cause of mortality.
• Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart failure and stroke.
• Early identification of biomarkers for hypertension and CVDs is vital for prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review promising early-stage protein and microRNA (miRNA) biomarker candidates for hypertension and CVDs.
• To discuss currently used biomarkers for these conditions.
• To evaluate the potential of multi-marker panels for risk stratification.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of protein and miRNA biomarker research.
• Analysis of mass spectrometry and sequencing data for biomarker identification.
• Summary of existing diagnostic and prognostic markers.

Main Results:

• Numerous protein and miRNA candidates show potential as early-stage biomarkers.
• Current biomarkers are insufficient for unambiguous disease classification.
• A multi-marker panel strategy is promising for improved classification and risk assessment.

Conclusions:

• Novel protein and miRNA biomarkers are emerging for hypertension and CVDs.
• A single biomarker is unlikely to be sufficient for diagnosis.
• Multi-marker panels offer a promising strategy for enhanced cardiovascular disease management.