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Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy01:18

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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
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Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error00:59

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An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...
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Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

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In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
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Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
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Enhancing Extractable Quantum Entropy in Vacuum-Based Quantum Random Number Generator.

Xiaomin Guo1,2, Ripeng Liu1,2, Pu Li1,2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study enhances quantum random number generators (QRNGs) by boosting quantum entropy in vacuum noise. This improves true randomness extraction ratios, even with significant classical noise interference.

Keywords:
maximization of quantum conditional min-entropyquantum random numbervacuum state

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Physics
  • Information Security

Background:

  • True random numbers are crucial for secure communication and cryptography.
  • Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) offer information-theoretically provable randomness.
  • The quality and security of QRNGs depend on quantum entropy and extraction ratios.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance quantum entropy content in vacuum noise-based QRNGs.
  • To develop a theoretical model for quantum entropy considering classical noise and system parameters.
  • To achieve high true randomness extraction ratios and sampling rates.

Main Methods:

  • Establishing a theoretical model for quantum entropy content.
  • Analyzing the effects of classical noise, ADC range, and homodyne system gains.
  • Proposing amplification of vacuum quantum noise and optimizing homodyne detection parameters.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that amplifying vacuum quantum noise yields abundant extractable quantum entropy.
  • Showcased high true randomness extraction ratios even with significant classical noise.
  • Achieved an experimental extraction ratio of 85.3% with enhanced local oscillator laser power.

Conclusions:

  • Amplifying vacuum quantum noise is an effective strategy to enhance QRNG security and performance.
  • Optimized homodyne system parameters enable high true randomness extraction and sampling rates.
  • The proposed methods provide a pathway for robust and high-speed quantum random number generation.