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Related Concept Videos

Specific Heat01:16

Specific Heat

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The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. Specific heat capacity is often represented in calories (cal), grams (g), and degrees Celsius (oC), but can also be expressed in joules (J), kilograms (kg), and Kelvin (K), among other units.
For example, increasing the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C requires one calorie of heat energy and can be written as 1 cal/g-°C, or...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Moisture Content and Bulking of Aggregate01:10

Moisture Content and Bulking of Aggregate

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The moisture content of aggregates is a crucial factor in construction, particularly in concrete mixing, as it influences the total water required in the mix. Moisture content represents the water coated on the exterior surface of the aggregate existing in a saturated and surface-dry condition. The total water content of a moist aggregate is the sum of its moisture content and water absorption.
When aggregates are exposed to rain or sit in stockpiles, they absorb moisture, which must be...
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Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Typical Model Studies01:30

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Fluid mechanics model studies often utilize scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior in full-scale environments, such as river flows, dam spillways, and structures interacting with open surfaces. Maintaining Froude number similarity in river models is crucial, as it replicates surface flow features like wave patterns and velocities.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Protocol for Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Supercooled Synthetic Sand-water-gas-methane Hydrate Sample
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A Thermodynamic Constitutive Model for Saturated Sand.

Shize Xiao1, Xiaohui Cheng1, Zhou Yang1

  • 1Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel thermodynamic model to predict saturated sand

Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Soil Mechanics
  • Constitutive Modeling

Background:

  • Classical elasto-plastic models for soil behavior rely on concepts like yield functions and flow rules.
  • Existing thermodynamic models in soil mechanics often use complex nonlinear elastic potentials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a non-equilibrium thermodynamic constitutive model for predicting the undrained shear behavior of saturated sand.
  • To develop a model that avoids classical elasto-plastic concepts and offers a new thermodynamic approach.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation from fundamental laws of thermodynamics.
  • Introduction of a coupled energy dissipative mechanism between viscosity and elasticity.
  • Simulation of undrained shear tests on Toyoura sand.
Keywords:
constitutive modelnon-equilibrium thermodynamicssandtriaxial undrained tests

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Main Results:

  • The model successfully predicts the critical state of saturated sand.
  • It captures the dilatancy-contraction characteristics during shearing.
  • The model accurately represents hardening-softening behavior in undrained triaxial tests.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed non-equilibrium thermodynamic model provides a robust framework for understanding saturated sand behavior.
  • It offers an alternative to traditional elasto-plastic models by incorporating energy dissipation mechanisms.
  • The model's predictive capability is validated through simulations of experimental data.